New molecular biomarkers in differentiated thyroid carcinoma: Impact of miR-146, miR-221 and miR-222 levels in the evolution of the disease.

OBJECTIVE: MircroRNAs (miR) are small, noncoding RNA molecules of 18-25 nucleotides. Their dysregulation has been widely studied in many human tumours including differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC). miRs more frequently associated with these kinds of tumours are miR-146, miR-221 and miR-222. Our objective was to assess the relationship among circulating miR levels and the evolution and outcomes of disease. DESIGN: We analysed a sample of 60 patients with DTC assigning them to one of three groups according to the dynamic scale of risk (excellent response, incomplete biochemical response and incomplete structural response). PATIENTS AND MEASUREMENTS: At study inclusion, we determined thyroid-stimulating hormone, thyroxine, thyroglobulin, antithyroglobulin antibodies and plasma levels of miR-146, miR-221 and miR-222. RESULTS: Male sex and advanced age at diagnosis were associated with the worst disease progression. miR-222 was twofold to threefold higher in tall cell papillary carcinomas (P = 0.038). miR-146 (P = 0.016) and miR-221 (P = 0.050) had a positive correlation with thyroglobulin at the time of sampling. In regression analysis, miR-146 (P = 0.006), miR-221 (P = 0.004) and miR-222 (P = 0.007) predicted more than 70% of the variation in thyroglobulin levels at the time of sampling. CONCLUSIONS: Elevated miR-222 and miR-146 levels are associated with poorer outcomes of the disease and may have a prognostic value in the management and follow-up of DTC.

[Lixisenatide in patients with type 2 diabetes and obesity: Beyond glycaemic control]. / Lixisenatida en pacientes con diabetes tipo 2 y obesidad: más allá del control glucémico.

AIM: To evaluate tolerance to lixisenatide and its effects on weight and metabolic control in type2 diabetes and obese patients. DESIGN: Prospective study. SETTING: Endocrinology clinics in Almeria, Granada and Malaga. PARTICIPANTS: Patients with type2 diabetes and obesity. INTERVENTIONS: Response and tolerance to lixisenatide treatment. MAIN MEASUREMENTS: Clinical and analytical data of the subjects were evaluated at baseline and after treatment. RESULTS: The study included 104 patients (51% women) with type2 diabetes and obesity (Almeria 18.3%; Granada 40.4%; Malaga 41.3%). The mean age was 58.4±10.5years, and the mean duration of diabetes was 11.2±6.7years. The patients were re-evaluated at 3.8±1.6months after treatment with lixisenatide. Significant improvements were found in weight (P<.001), body mass index (P<.001), waist circumference (P=.002), systolic blood pressure (P<.001), diastolic blood pressure (P=.001), fasting glucose (P<.001), HbA1c (P=.022), Total cholesterol (P<.001), LDL-cholesterol (P=.046), triglycerides (P=.020), hypertension drugs (P<.001), and lipids drugs (P<.001). No changes were observed in levels of amylase related to lixisenatide treatment, and 7.9% of patients did not tolerate it. CONCLUSIONS: Lixisenatide achieved significant improvements in anthropometric parameters, glycaemic control (fasting glucose and HbA1c), blood pressure and lipids. It was safe and well tolerated in most patients. In addition, there was a significant increase in the use of antihypertensive and lipid-lowering therapy.

Evolutionary analysis of indeterminate cytology and risk of malignancy in a thyroid nodule unit.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to analyze the evolution in the diagnosis and management of indeterminate thyroid nodules over three time periods. METHODS: 3020 patients with thyroid nodules underwent cytological evaluation during three periods (2006-2008, 2012-2014, 2017-2019). Distribution of diagnostic cytologies, risk of malignancy, diagnostic performance indices of FNA, and cytologic-histologic correlation in indeterminate cytologies were analyzed. RESULTS: only 2.2% of cytology tests were insufficient for a diagnosis. 86.9% cytologies were benign, 1.7% malignant, and 11.4% indeterminate. Indeterminate cytology rates were 15.9% (2006-2008), 10.1% (2012-2014), and 10% (2017-2019). Surgery was performed in 13% of benign cytology, result-ing in malignant histology in 2.7%. All malignant and suspicious cytologies underwent surgery: malig-nancy confirmed in 98% and 77% of cases, respectively. All 'indeterminate with atypia' cytologies (2006-2008) and Bethesda IV (2012-2014; 2017-2019) un-derwent surgery, with malignancy confirmed in 19.6%, 43.8%, and 25.7%, respectively. In the 'inde-terminate without atypia' category (2006-2008) and Bethesda III (2012-2014; 2017-2019), diagnostic surgery was performed in 57.7%, 78.6%, and 59.4%, respectively, with malignancy confirmed in 3.3%, 20.5%, and 31.6%. The FNA sensitivity was 91.6% with a negative predictive value greater than 96% in all periods. The specificity exceeded 75% in the last two periods. CONCLUSION: Bethesda system reduces indeterminate cytologies and improves the accuracy of FNA diagnosis. We reported a higher proportion of malignancy than expected in Bethesda III, underscoring the importance of having institution-specific data to guide decision-making. However, there is a need for risk stratification tools that allow for conservative management in low-risk cases.

Efficacy of Low-Dose Radioiodine Ablation in Low- and Intermediate-Risk Differentiated Thyroid Cancer: A Retrospective Comparative Analysis.

(1) Background-low-dose radioiodine ablation is an accepted strategy for the treatment of low- and intermediate-risk thyroid carcinomas, although there is no international consensus. The aim of this study is to describe the clinical experience with low-dose radioiodine ablation in patients with low- and intermediate-risk thyroid cancer compared to high-dose ablation. (2) Methods-174 patients with low- and intermediate-risk thyroid cancer, 90 treated with low-dose ablation and 84 treated with high-dose ablation, were included. The primary endpoint was response to treatment one year after ablation, defined by stimulated thyroglobulin, whole body scan and ultrasound imaging. (3) Results-an excellent response rate of 79.8% in the low-dose group and 85.7% in the high-dose group was observed (p = 0.049). Stimulated thyroglobulin at the moment of ablation (p = 0.032) and positive antithyroglobulin antibodies (p < 0.001) were independent predictive factors for nonexcellent response. Young age (p = 0.023), intermediate initial recurrence risk (p < 0.001) and low-dose ablation (p = 0.004) were independent predictive factors for recurrence. (4) Conclusion-low-dose ablation seemed to be less effective than high-dose ablation, especially in those patients with positive antithyroglobulin antibodies or higher stimulated thyroglobulin levels at the moment of ablation. Low dose was associated with higher recurrence rates, and lower age and intermediate initial recurrence risk were independent risk factors for recurrence in our sample.

Consensus statement for use and technical requirements of thyroid ultrasound in endocrinology units. / Criterios sobre la utilización y requerimientos técnicos de la ecografía tiroidea en los servicios de endocrinología y nutrición.

Thyroid nodule detection has increased with widespread use of ultrasound, which is currently the main tool for detection, monitoring, diagnosis and, in some instances, treatment of thyroid nodules. Knowledge of ultrasound and adequate instruction on its use require a position statement by the scientific societies concerned. The working groups on thyroid cancer and ultrasound techniques of the Spanish Society of Endocrinology and Nutrition have promoted this document, based on a thorough analysis of the current literature, the results of multicenter studies and expert consensus, in order to set the requirements for the best use of ultrasound in clinical practice. The objectives include the adequate framework for use of thyroid ultrasound, the technical and legal requirements, the clinical situations in which it is recommended, the levels of knowledge and learning processes, the associated responsibility, and the establishment of a standardized reporting of results and integration into hospital information systems and endocrinology units.

Diagnostic and functional structure of a high-resolution thyroid nodule clinic.

Appearance of a thyroid nodule has become a daily occurrence in clinical practice. Adequate thyroid nodule assessment requires several diagnostic tests and multiple medical appointments, which results in a substantial delay in diagnosis. Implementation of a high-resolution thyroid nodule clinic largely avoids these drawbacks by condensing in a single appointment all tests required for adequate evaluation of thyroid nodule. This paper reviews the diagnostic and functional structure of a high-resolution thyroid nodule clinic.

Lixisenatida en pacientes con diabetes tipo 2 y obesidad: más allá del control glucémico / Lixisenatide in patients with type 2 diabetes and obesity: Beyond glycaemic control

OBJETIVO: Evaluar la tolerancia a lixisenatida y sus efectos sobre el peso y el control metabólico de pacientes con diabetes tipo 2 y obesidad. DISEÑO: Estudio prospectivo. Emplazamiento: Consultas de atención especializada de Endocrinología y Nutrición en Almería, Granada y Málaga. PARTICIPANTES: Pacientes con diabetes tipo 2 y obesidad. INTERVENCIONES: Respuesta y tolerancia al tratamiento con lixisenatida. Mediciones principales: Se analizaron datos clínicos y analíticos con medidas de cambio intrasujeto antes-después del tratamiento. RESULTADOS: Evaluamos 104 pacientes (51% mujeres) con diabetes tipo 2 y obesidad (Almería 18,3%; Granada 40,4%; Málaga 41,3%). Edad media 58,4±10,5 años y duración media de diabetes 11,2±6,7 años. El tiempo medio desde la visita basal a la revisión tras inicio de tratamiento con lixisenatida fue de 3,8±1,6 meses. Encontramos mejoría significativa del peso (p < 0,001), índice de masa corporal (p < 0,001), circunferencia de cintura (p = 0,002), presión arterial sistólica (p < 0,001) y diastólica (p = 0,001), glucemia en ayunas (p < 0,001), HbA1c (p = 0,022), colesterol total (p < 0,001), colesterol LDL (p = 0,046) y triglicéridos (p = 0,020). No se observó alteración de cifras de amilasa en relación con el tratamiento con lixisenatida, y el 7,9% no lo toleraron. CONCLUSIONES: Lixisenatida consigue: 1) mejoría significativa de parámetros antropométricos y control glucémico (glucemia basal y HbA1c); 2) descenso significativo de la presión arterial y del perfil lipídico, y 3) seguridad y buena tolerancia en la mayoría de los pacientes. Además, encontramos una significativa intensificación del tratamiento antihipertensivo e hipolipemiante

AIM: To evaluate tolerance to lixisenatide and its effects on weight and metabolic control in type 2 diabetes and obese patients. DESIGN: Prospective study. SETTING: Endocrinology clinics in Almeria, Granada and Malaga. PARTICIPANTS: Patients with type 2 diabetes and obesity. INTERVENTIONS: Response and tolerance to lixisenatide treatment. MAIN MEASUREMENTS: Clinical and analytical data of the subjects were evaluated at baseline and after treatment. RESULTS: The study included 104 patients (51% women) with type 2 diabetes and obesity (Almeria 18.3%; Granada 40.4%; Malaga 41.3%). The mean age was 58.4±10.5 years, and the mean duration of diabetes was 11.2±6.7 years. The patients were re-evaluated at 3.8±1.6 months after treatment with lixisenatide. Significant improvements were found in weight (P<.001), body mass index (P<.001), waist circumference (P=.002), systolic blood pressure (P<.001), diastolic blood pressure (P=.001), fasting glucose (P<.001), HbA1c (P=.022), Total cholesterol (P<.001), LDL-cholesterol (P=.046), triglycerides (P=.020), hypertension drugs (P<.001), and lipids drugs (P<.001). No changes were observed in levels of amylase related to lixisenatide treatment, and 7.9% of patients did not tolerate it. CONCLUSIONS: Lixisenatide achieved significant improvements in anthropometric parameters, glycaemic control (fasting glucose and HbA1c), blood pressure and lipids. It was safe and well tolerated in most patients. In addition, there was a significant increase in the use of antihypertensive and lipid-lowering therapy

Criterios sobre la utilización y requerimientos técnicos de la ecografía tiroidea en los servicios de endocrinología y nutrición / Consensus statement for use and technical requirements of thyroid ultrasound in endocrinology units

La ecografía se ha convertido en un instrumento imprescindible en la asistencia a los pacientes con enfermedades tiroideas. La detección de los nódulos tiroideos se ha incrementado con el uso generalizado de la misma, siendo la herramienta principal para su detección, orientación diagnóstica, seguimiento y, en ocasiones, también terapéutica. Los Grupos de Trabajo de Cáncer de Tiroides y de Técnicas ecográficas de la Sociedad Española de Endocrinología y Nutrición han promovido este documento en el que se resumen los requisitos necesarios para la mejor práctica clínica posible con esta técnica. Los objetivos del trabajo incluyen encuadrar su utilización dentro de la especialidad, los requisitos técnicos y legales necesarios, las situaciones clínicas de su aplicación, los niveles de conocimiento y aprendizaje, la responsabilidad asociada, la comunicación estandarizada de resultados e integración en los sistemas de información hospitalarios, posicionando la técnica ecográfica dentro de la cartera de servicios en las actuales unidades de Endocrinología y Nutrición (AU)

Thyroid nodule detection has increased with widespread use of ultrasound, which is currently the main tool for detection, monitoring, diagnosis and, in some instances, treatment of thyroid nodules. Knowledge of ultrasound and adequate instruction on its use require a position statement by the scientific societies concerned. The working groups on thyroid cancer and ultrasound techniques of the Spanish Society of Endocrinology and Nutrition have promoted this document, based on a thorough analysis of the current literature, the results of multicenter studies and expert consensus, in order to set the requirements for the best use of ultrasound in clinical practice. The objectives include the adequate framework for use of thyroid ultrasound, the technical and legal requirements, the clinical situations in which it is recommended, the levels of knowledge and learning processes, the associated responsibility, and the establishment of a standardized reporting of results and integration into hospital information systems and endocrinology units (AU)

[Clinical experience in a high-resolution thyroid nodule clinic]. / Experiencia clínica en una consulta de alta resolución de nódulo tiroideo.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The finding of a thyroid nodule is a very common occurrence in clinical practice. Management of thyroid nodules requires a multidisciplinary approach that may be eased by a high-resolution thyroid nodule clinic. We report our clinical experience and outcomes in a high-resolution thyroid nodule clinic. PATIENTS AND METHODS: All patients referred to Virgen de la Victoria Hospital (Málaga) from 2005 to 2007 were evaluated following thyroid nodule guidelines. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software. RESULTS: In the study period, 658 patients (mean age 48.6 years, 89.8% females) were seen at the thyroid nodule clinic. Thyroid nodules were discovered in 85.5% of patients. Mean nodule diameter was 1.96 cm. Of these nodules, 74.2% were solid, 55.8% hypoechogenic, and 4.7% showed microcalcifications. Fine needle aspiration (FNA) was performed in 475 patients (76.5% of all cytological samples were benign, 19.1% had suspected malignancy, 2.1% were malignant, and 2.3% inadequate). Referral for surgery was required in 23.3% of patients (mainly because of nodule size or suspected malignancy). Malignancy was confirmed in 24.9% of nodules. Sensitivity and specificity of cytology (considering biopsy as gold standard) were 81.8% and 94.7% respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Implementation of a high-resolution thyroid nodule clinic decreases delay in diagnosis and optimizes available resources, thus providing for satisfactory clinical outcomes.

Experiencia clínica con lixisenatida en pacientes con diabetes tipo 2 y obesidad en consultas de atención especializada en Málaga / Lixisenatide clinical experience on patients with type 2 diabetes and obesity in endocrinology offices in Malaga

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Respuesta a: Estructura diagnóstica y funcional de una consulta de alta resolución tiroidea: un modelo de eficiencia económica / Reply to: Diagnostic and functional structure of a high-resolution thyroid nodule clinic: An efficiency model

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Estructura diagnóstica y funcional de una consulta de alta resolución de nódulo tiroideo / Diagnostic and functional structure of a high-resolution thyroid nodule clinic

La aparición de un nódulo tiroideo se ha convertido en un hecho cotidiano en la práctica clínica diaria. Habitualmente, la adecuada evaluación del nódulo tiroideo requiere la realización de diversas pruebas diagnósticas y múltiples citas médicas, con la consiguiente demora diagnóstica. La instauración de una consulta de alta resolución de nódulo tiroideo evita en gran medida estos inconvenientes, condensando en una única cita todas las pruebas necesarias para la correcta evaluación del nódulo tiroideo. En este trabajo revisamos cuál debe ser la estructura diagnóstica y funcional de una consulta de alta resolución de nódulo tiroideo

Appearance of a thyroid nodule has become a daily occurrence in clinical practice. Adequate thyroid nodule assessment requires several diagnostic tests and multiple medical appointments, which results in a substantial delay in diagnosis. Implementation of a high-resolution thyroid nodule clinic largely avoids these drawbacks by condensing in a single appointment all tests required for adequate evaluation of thyroid nodule. This paper reviews the diagnostic and functional structure of a high-resolution thyroid nodule clinic

Deleción en el gen STX16 asociada a pseudohipoparatiroidismo / STX16 deletion associated to pseudohypoparathyroidism

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Liraglutida en el síndrome de ovario poliquístico / Liraglutide in polycystic ovary syndrome

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Experiencia clínica en una consulta de alta resolución de nódulo tiroideo / Clinical experience in a high-resolution thyroid nodule clinic

Fundamentos y objetivos El hallazgo de un nódulo tiroideo es un hecho muy frecuente en la práctica clínica habitual. El manejo del nódulo tiroideo necesita un abordaje multidisciplinar que puede ser facilitado con la creación de unidades de alta resolución de nódulo tiroideo. Describimos la experiencia clínica y los resultados obtenidos en una consulta de alta resolución y acto único de nódulo tiroideo. Material y métodos Se han evaluado todos los pacientes derivados a la consulta de nódulo tiroideo del Hospital Virgen de la Victoria (Málaga) desde el año 2005 al 2007. Se han seguido las guías de práctica clínica de nódulo tiroideo para la recomendación de punción aspirativa con aguja fina (PAAF) y cirugía tiroidea. Se realizó análisis estadístico con programa SPSS. Resultados Durante el periodo de estudio, la consulta de nódulo tiroideo atendió a 658 pacientes (edad media 48,6 años, 89,8% mujeres). Mediante ecografía se confirmó la existencia de nódulo tiroideo en el 85,5% de los pacientes. Con un diámetro medio de 1,96cm, un 74,2% de nódulos fueron sólidos, un 55,8% hipoecoicos, y un 4,7% presentaron microcalcificaciones. Se realizó la PAAF a 475 pacientes. El 76,5% de las citologías fueron benignas, el 19,1% sospechosas, el 2,1% malignas y el 2,3% insuficientes. Se derivó a cirugía al 23,3% de los pacientes (principalmente por tamaño nodular o sospecha de malignidad). Se confirmó la existencia de patología maligna (principalmente carcinoma papilar) en el 24,9% de los nódulos intervenidos. La sensibilidad/especificidad de la citología (considerando la biopsia como el gold standard) fue del 81,8 y el 94,7%, respectivamente. Conclusiones La instauración de una consulta monográfica de nódulo tiroideo permite la optimización de recursos y reduce la demora diagnóstica, obteniendo unos resultados clínicos ampliamente satisfactorios (AU)

Background and objectives: The finding of a thyroid nodule is a very common occurrence inclinical practice. Management of thyroid nodules requires a multidisciplinary approach that may be eased by a high-resolution thyroid nodule clinic. We report our clinical experience and outcomes in a high-resolution thyroid nodule clinic. Patients and methods: All patients referred to Virgen de la Victoria Hospital (Málaga) from 2005to 2007 were evaluated following thyroid nodule guidelines. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software. Results: In the study period, 658 patients (mean age 48.6 years, 89.8% females) were seen atthe thyroid nodule clinic. Thyroid nodules were discovered in 85.5% of patients. Mean nodule diameter was 1.96 cm. Of these nodules, 74.2% were solid, 55.8% hypoechogenic, and 4.7% showed microcalcifications. Fine needle aspiration (FNA) was performed in 475 patients (76.5% of all cytological samples were benign, 19.1% had suspected malignancy, 2.1% were malignant, and 2.3% inadequate). Referral for surgery was required in 23.3% of patients (mainly because of nodule size or suspected malignancy). Malignancy was confirmed in 24.9% of nodules. Sensitivity and specificity of cytology (considering biopsy as gold standard) were 81.8% and 94.7%respectively.Conclusions: Implementation of a high-resolution thyroid nodule clinic decreases delay in diagnosis and optimizes available resources, thus providing for satisfactory clinical outcomes (AU)